Periyar wrote only with the arrival of words such as there Mukukurtham our women had become puppets in the hands of their husbands we ended up with such father's who advised their daughter that they had been gifted away to their husbands and they belong to their husband place this is the result of our association with Sanskrit.  

               Activity 

Why does caste remain such a controversial issue today what do you think was the most important movement against caste in colonial times.

The Brahmo Sama 

The Brahmo Samaj formed in 1830 prohibited all forms of idolatatry and sacrifice believed in the Upanishads and foebade it's members from criticising other religious practices it critically drew upon the idealso of religions especially of Hinduism and Christianity looking at them negative and positive dimensions.

   Derozio and youn bengal 

Henry louis vivian derozio  a teacher at himdu College Calcutta in the 1820 promoted radical ideas and encouraged his pupils to question all authority Referred to as the young bengal movement his students attacked tradition and custom demanded eductom demanded eduction for women and campaigned for the freedom of thought and expression. The Ramakrishna Mission and Swami Vivekanand. Named after Ramakrishna Paramhansa swami vivekananda guru the Ramakrishna mission stressed the ideal of salvatio through social service and selfless action. 

Neher wrote in a letter to the chief Ministers of states: ....we have a Muslim minority who are so large in numbers that they cannot even if they want go anywhere else. That is a basic fact about which there can be no argument whatever the proviction from Pakistan and whatever the indignities and horrors inflicted on non muslims there we have got to deal with this minority in a civilised manner. We must give them security and the rights of citizens in a democratic state. 

             Activity 

Imagine a conversation between a father and son in a Muslim family after partion the son thinke it would be wiser for them to move to Pakistan while the father believer that they should continue to live in India Taking information from the chapter so far and chapter 11 act out what each would say.

Literacy in itself is not education.

(  Mahatma Gandhi wrote;)

By education iean an all round drawing out of the best in child and man body mind and spirit literacy is not the end of education not even the begining it is only one of the means whereby man and woman can be educated literacy in itself in not education i would therefore begin the child education by teaching it a useful handicraft and enabling it to produce from the useful handicraft and enabling it to produce from the moment olit begins its training i hold that the highest development of the mind and the soul is possible under such a system of education only every handicraft has to be taught not merely mechaicall as is done today but scientifically.

Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru was a great supporter of the planning process. He explained the idea ll s and purposes of planning in a series of letters he wrote to the chief ministers of the different states in a letter of 22 December 1952 ........ Behind the first five year plan lies the conception of india unity and of a mighty co- operative effort  of all the peoples of India we have to remember always that it is not merely the governmental ma cc hinery that counts in all this but even more so the enthusiasm and fellow travellers towards the next goal that they and we have set before us. 

India gained freedom soon after the devastation of the second world war. At that time a new internation body the united nations formed in 1945 was in its infancy the 1950 and 1960 saw the emergence of the cold war that is power rivalries and ideological conflicts between the USA and the USSR with both countries creating military alliances. This was also the period when colonial empires were collapsing and many countries were ataninig independence. Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru who was also the foreign minister of newly independent India developed free India foreign policy in this context non alignment formed the bedrock of this foreign policy. Led by statesmen from Egypt yugoslavia indonesia ghana and india the non aligned movement urged countries not to join either of the two major alliances but this policy of staying away from alliances was not matter of remaining isolated or neural the fomer means remaining aloof from world affairs whereas non aligned countries such as india played an active role in meditating between the American and soviet alliances they tried to prevent war often taking a humanitarian and moral stand  against war however for one reason or another many non aligned countries including.

Between December 1946 and November 1949, some three humdred indians had a series of meetings on the country political future the meeting of this constitution assembly were held in new Delhi but the participants came from all over India and from different political parties these discussions resulted in the framing of of the Indian constitution which came into effect on 26 January 1950. One feature of the constitution was its adoption of universal adult franchise all indians above the age of 21 would by allowed to vote in state and national alactions. This was a revolutionary step for never before had indians.

India gained freedom soon after the devastations of the second would war. At that time a new international body the United nations formed in 1945 was in its in fancy the 1950 and 1960 saw the emergence of the cold that  war is power rivalries and ideological  conflict  between. 

In 1956 the year the states of India were reorganised on the  basis of language the parliament of sri Lanka them Ceylon introduced an act recognising sinhala as the sole official language of the country this mads sinhala the maimum of instruction in  all state school and colleges in public examinations and in the north of the courts. The new art was opposed by the Tamil speaking minority who lived in  the north of the courts my language said one tamil mp you deny me everything you are hoping for Divided Ceylon warned another adding bo not fear I assure you that you will have a Divided Ceylon an opportunity member himself sinhala speaking predicted that if the government did not change its mind and insisted on the act being passed two torn little bleeding states might yet arise out of one bottle state . For several decades now a civil was has ratesd in sri Lanka whose roots tiots in the imposition of the sinhala languages on the tamil speaking minority. And another south Asian  country Pakistan  was divided into  two  when the Bengali speakers of the east felt that their language was being suppressed bt  contrast India has managed to survive  as a single nation in  part  because the many regional languages were given freedom.

Mahatma gandhi as you know was against violent movement. He babruptly called off the non cooperation  movement when in February 1922 a crowd of peasants set fire to a poilice station in chauri chaura. Twenty two policemen were killed on that day the peasants were provoked because the police had fired on their peaceful demonstration once the non cooperation  movement was over gandhiji followers stressed that the congress must undertake constructive work in the rural areas other leaders such as chitta Ranjan  Das and motilal Nehru argued that the party should fight .electione to the councils and enter them in order to influence government  polici  through sincere social work in villages in the mid 1920 the Gandhinagar  were able to extend their support base this proved to the be very useful in launching the civil disobedience movement in 1930 .