Production of wootz steel required a highly specialised technique of refining iron. But iron smelting in india was extremely common till the end of the nineteenth century. In bihar and cental india in particular. Every district has smelters that used local deposits of ore to produce iŕon which was widely used for the manufacture of implements  and  tools of daily  use. The furnaces were smelting was done by men while women worked the bellows. Pumping air that kept the charcoal burning.

{  . The sword of Tipu sultan and wootz steel.    }​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​

we begin the story of Indian steel and iron metallurgy by recounting the famous story of Tipu sultan who ruled Mysore till 1799 fought four wars with the British and died fighting with his sword in his hand. Tipu's legendary swords are now part of valuable collections in museums in England. But do you know why the sword was so special? The sword had an incredibly hard and sharp edge that could easily rip through the opponent Armour. This quality of the sword came from a special type of high carbon steel called wootz which was produced all over south India.  Wootz steel when made into swords produced a very sharp edge with a flowing water pattern. This pattern came from very small carbon crystals embedded in the iron. Francis Buchanan who toured through Mysore in 1800 a year after Tipu sultan's death has left us an account of the technique by which wootz steel was produced in many hundreds of smelting furnaces in Mysore. In these furnaces iron was mixed with charcoal and put inside small clay pots. Through an intricate control of temperature. 

Mahatma Gandhi decided to initiate a new phase of movement against the British in the middle of the second world war. The British must quit India immediately he told them to the people he said do or die in your effort to fight the British but you must fight non violently. Gandhiji and other leaders were jailed at once but the movement spread lt specially attracted peasants and the youth who gave up their studies to joined it communications and symbols of state authority were attacked all over the country. In many areas the people set up their own governments. The first response of the British was severe repression by the end of 1943 over 90,000 people were arrested and around 1, 000 killed in police firing in many areas orders were given to machine gun crowds from airplanes. The rebellion however ultimately brought the raj to its knees. Bh

The British had regained control of the country by the end of 1859 but they could not carry on ruling the land with the same policies any more. Given below are the important changes that were introduced by the British. The british parliament passed a new act in 1858 and transferred the powers of the East India company to the British crown in order to ensure a more responsible management of India affairs. A member the British cabint was appointed seçretary of state for India and made responsible for all matters related to the governance of india he was given a council to advise him called the India council the governor .

On 8 April 1857 a young soldier Mangal Pandey was hanged to death for attacking his officers in Barrackpore. Some days later, some sepoys of the regiment at Meerut refused to do the army drill using the new cartridges which were suspected of being coated with the fat of cows and pigs. Eighty five sepoys were dismissed from service and sentenced to ten years in jail for disobeying their officers. This happened on 9 may 1857. The response of the other Indian soldiers in meerut was quite extraordinary. On 10 May .the soldiers matched to the jail the in meerut and released the imprisoned sepoys they attached and killed British officers. They captured guns and ammunition and set fire to the buildings and properties of the British and declared war on the firangis. The soldiers were determined to bring an end to their rulje in the country. But who wound ruld the lands instead ? The soldiers had an answer to this qustion the Mughal emperor Nahadur Shah Zafar. 

Precipitation 

India receives much precipitation in comparison to the rest of the world the average annual precipitation in Indian is 1170 mm while the world average is 700 mm. Generally the precipitation is in form of rain mainly the Himalayan sonw flow into the region receives snow fall in winter  the snow  melts in spring  and Summer the water of melting snow flows into the rivers originating in the Himalayas. Thus many of our rivers get replenished twice a year once when the snow melts and then during the monsoon.  Rainfall in most of india occurs during the monsoon months of juns to September. Only Tamil Nadu and parts of kerala get much Rainfall in winter October December you could say they have two rainy seasons one is Summer and one in winter. In many areas of india for example parts of Bihar dishar 

If we look carefully on the sides of a trench made by digging soil from the surface of earth downwards we will find that the soil consists of different layers. Scientists call these layers horizons. 

A horizon                             this is the uppermost lay of soil often refered to as to topsoil lt is dark due to the pressure of humus the particles of this layer are the finest and the roots of only very big trees manage to reach the next layer.                     B horizon                            

 The Polar Region

Polar regions are situated near the poles and remain covered with snow. The climate in the poles is poles is very cold for most part of the year. During winter the temperature can be as low as _37⁰ c . For six months in a year the sun does not set while for the other six months the sun does not rise. Animals found in the polar region are penguins polar bears foxes fishes reindeers birds seals and whales. 

Adaptations in a poler bear.    The body has a white fur. This blends with the white background of snow this adaptations protects the poler bear from predators. It also helps in catching the prey. The fun has two layers. These two thick layers of fur protect the poler bear from the extremely cold surroundings. Other that fur a thick layer of fat is present under the skin. This layer of fat also helps to keep the body warm.

Water A National Resource 

Water is a renewable natural resources. It is vital body fluid which regulates life. Processes such as digestion of food transportation of nutrients and excretion of body wastes etc. It is also required for the germination of seeds. Water is an important participant of photosynthesis. Water provider habitat to many animalso and plants. All animals and plants living in water are adapted to live in water. There is enough fresh water on the Earth to meet our present requirements. But there is a global shortage of usable water. At many places there is an acute shortage of water. It is estimated that a few years from now more than one third of the people on our earth will not get sufficient water to live. The water table is falling in most areas. It something is not done to check it soon we will be facing water crisis to prevent it we should have water as a part of community efforts in this direction water harvesting in being 

               Internet

  A computer network network is simply a connection of two or more computers to exchange information. A small network can be as simple as two computer  linked together by a single cable. 

          Interet

Internet is the largest network of computers in the world and it has millions of computers connected to each other to share information. These computers are connected throughout  satellite and cables. The Internet is also called global network of computers