How often we wish for another chance To make a fresh beginning A chance to out our mistakes And change failure into mistakes and change failure into winning. It does not take a new day. To make a brand new start. It only takes a deep desire. To try with all our heart. To live a little better and to always be forgiving and to add a little sunshine to the qorld in whice sunshine to the world in which we te living so never qgive up in despair and think you are through for the​​​​​​ere always a tomorrow and the hope of starting a new.

The final wave of annexations occurred under lord  Dalhousie who was the Governor general from 1848 to 1856 he devised a policy that came to be known as the Doctrine of lapse the doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would lapse that is become part of company territory one kingdom after another was annexed simply by applying this doctrine satara 1848 sambalpur 1840 udaipur 1852 Nagpur 1853 and jhansi 1854. Finally in 1856 the company also took over awadh this time the British had an added argument they said they were obliged by duty to take over awadh in order they to free the people from the misgovernment of the nawab enraged by the humiliating way in which the Nawab was deposed the people of awadh joined the great revolt that broke out in 1857.

It is clear from the above that from the early nineteenth century the company pursued an aggressive policy of territorial expansion under lord hasting governor general from 1813 to 1823 a new policy of paramountcy was initiated now the company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme hence its power was greater than that of Indian states in order to protect its interests it was justified in annexing or threatening to annex any Indian kingdom this. View continued to guide later British policies as well. This process however did not go unchallenged for example when the British tried to annex the small state of kitoor in Karnataka Today rani  channamma took to kitoor in Karnataka to arms and led an anti British resistance movement she was arrested in  1824 and died in prison in 1829 but tayanna a poor chowkidar of sangoil in kitoor carried on the resistance with popular support he destroyed many British camps and records hr was caught and hanged by the British in 1830 you with read more about several cases of resistance later in the book in the late 1830 the East India company became worried about Russia it imagined that Russia might expand across Asia and enter india from the north west Driven by this fear the British now wanted to secure their control over the north west they fought a prolonged war with Afghanistan between 1838 and 1842 and established indirect company rule there sind was taken over in 1843 next in line was punjab but the presence of maharaja Ranjit singh held back the company after his death in 1839 two prolonged ware were fought with the Sikh kingdom ultimately in 1849 punjab was annexed .

From the late eighteenth century the company also sought to curb and eventually destroy maratha power. With their defeat in the third battle of Panipat in 1761 the Marathas dream of ruling from Delhi was shattered they were divided into many states under different chies sardars belonging to dynasties such as sindhia holkar Gaikwad and bhonsle these chiefs were held together in a confederacy under a peshwa principal Minister who became its effective military and administrative head based in Pune mahadji sindhia and nana phadnis were two famous maratha soldiers and statesmen of the late eighteenth century. The marathas were subdued in a series of were in the first war that ended in 1782 with the Treaty of salbai there was no clear victor  the second anglo maratha war 1830 -05 was fought on different fornats resulting in the British gaining orissa and the territories north of the yamuna river including agra and Delhi finally the Third anglo maratha war of 1817_19 crushed maratha power the peshwa was removed and sent away to bithur near ka pur with a pension the company now had complete control over the territies south of the vindhyas.

The practice of surveying also become common undar the colonial administration. The British believed that a country had to be properly known before it could be effectively administered. By the early nineteenth century detailed surveys were being carried out to map the entire country in the villages revenue surveys were conducted the efforts was to know the topography the soil quality the flora the gsune the local histories and the cropping pattern all the facts seen as necessary to know about to administer the region from the end of the nineteenth century census operations were held every ten years these prepared detailed records of the number of people in all the provinces of india noting information on castes religions and occupation there were many other surveys botanical surveys zoological survey archaeological survey anthropologically surveys forest surveys.

European traders first encounter fine cotton cloth from India carried by arab merchants in mosul in present india carried by arab merchants in mosul in present day iraq ao they began referring to all finely woven textiles aa Muslim a word that acquired wide currency when the Portuguese first came to India in search of spices they landed in Calicut on kerala coast in south were india the cotton textiles which they took back to Europe along with the spices came to be called vslico derived from Calicut and subsequently calico became the general name for all cotton textiles. There are many other words which point to the popularity.

In the early eighteenth century a French missionary jeans  Baptiste Labat travelled to the Caribbean islands and wrote extensively about  the region. Published in one of his book this image Indigo production in the French slave plantations of the region. You can see the slave workers.putting the Indigo plant into the Indigo plant on the left Another worker is churning the liquid with a mechanical churner in a mechanical churner in a vat second from right two workers are carrying the Indigo to be dried in rhe foreground two others are mixing are mixing the Indigo pull to be put into moulds the planner in at the Centre of the picture.

figs 5 and 6 are two  images of cotton prints. The image on the left fig 5 shows a kalamkari print created by Weavers of Andhra pradesh in Indian.  On the right is a floral cotton print designed and produced by William  Morris   a famous poet and artist of nineteenth century Britain there is one thing common in the two prints both use a rich blue colour commonly called indigo Do you know how this colour was produced?  the blue that you see in these prints was produced from a plant called indigo it is likely that the blue dye used in the Morris  prints in nineteenth century  Britain was manufactured from indigo plants cultivated in India for india was the biggest supplier of indigo in the would at that time.

Tammohun Roy was particularly moved by the problems widows faced in their lives he began a campaign against the practice of sati. Tammohun Roy was well versed in Sanskrit parsian and several other Indian and European languages he tried to show through his writings that the practice of widow burning had no sanction in ancient texts. By the early nineteenth century as you have read in chapter 7many British officers had also begun to criticise Indian traditional and customs they were therefore more that willing to listen to Tammohun.

Many of the reformers gelf that education for girls was necessary in order to improve the condition of women Vidyasagar in Calcutta and many other reformers in Bombay set up schools for girls when the first school were opened in the mid nineteenth century many people were afraid of them. They feared that school would take girls away from home prevent them to travel through public places in order to reach school many people felt that' this would have a corrupting influence on them they felt felt that girls hould stay away public spaces. Therefore throughout the nineteenth century most educated women were taught at home by liberal gathered of hudbands some times women taught themselves do you remember what you read about Rashsundari debi in you book social and political life last year she was one of those who secretly learned to read and write in the flickering light of candles at night .

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