Jivan ki maulik ikai ( the foundamental unit of life)

Prastavana (introduction) 

Koshika jivan ki rachnatmak AVN kriyatmak ikai hai kyunki yah vibhajit hokar apni hi Jaise anek koshikayen banati hai jisse saji vah ke sharir ka Nirman hota hai ismein vah sabhi bhautik rasayanik AVN aanuvanshik suchnaen Sangharsh hoti hai jo use Swatantra roop se jivit rakhti hai robot rokane ine sanrachnaon ko dur celoola kaha hai sansar mein upsthit pratyay vastu ka Nirman ikaiyon se hua hai padarth ki mulya ka yah parmanu automs ya Anu kahlate Hain/

​​​​Koshika sabhi jivo ki Mul ikai Hoti hai iski Rachna anekonshikaon ke dwara hote hain koshikaon kya karte aur Aakar unke Vishesh karyon ke anurup hote Hain koshikangon ke Karan hi koi koshika jivit rahti hai aur apne sabhi karya karti hai isliye koshika ko jivan kisanrachnatmak aur kriyatmak ikai kahate Hain/

Koshika ki Khoj (discovery of cell)

Koshika ki Khoj robot nation 1665 isvi mein ki thi usne court ki patali kat ko nirmit sukshamdarshi se avlokan karne per Paya ki ismein anek छोटे-छोटे per post hai jiski sanrachna madhumakkhi ke chhatte Jaisi pratit Hui ine prakoshthon ko Robert rokane koshika Naam Diya/

Koshika Latin Shabd hai jiska Arth hai Chhota Kamra samanya Drishti mein uprokt ghatna chhoti tatha Arth Ho lekin vigyan ke itihaas mein yah ek bahut hi mahatvpurn ghatnayen is prakar sarvpratham hook main dekha ki sajeevon mein अलग-अलग ekak units hote hain ine ekakon ka varnan karne ke liye jeev vigyan mein koshika Shabd ka upyog aaj tak Kiya jata hai/

​​​​​​Sajeev ki Rachna (leaving structure)​​​​​​

​​ Sajeev vastu ek sangathit sanrachna hai yah koshikiy ho sakta hai jaise ki jivanu ko shikayat Bahu ko sikhiye jaise ki janwar aur paudhe jo Kai koshikaon se Bane hota hai/  koshika kisi jeev ya jivan ki mulbhut jaivik ikai hai koshika dwara vibhinn koshikayen prakriya se sampann ki jaati hai/ teen gatividhiyon se aap yah swayam sthapit kar payenge ki koshika sabhi jivo ki sanrachnatmak ikai hai/

Sajeev koshika ka sanrachnatmak sangathan (structures origination of living cell)

Yah sajeev aur nirjiv donon tarah ki ikaiyon se milkar Bani Hoti hai ek samanya koshika ya paraRupik koshika ke mukhya teen bhag hote Hain- koshika varan, koshika dravya, AVN  kendrak/

Koshika varn koshika ka sabse bahar ka aavran ya ghera hai padap koshika mein koshika bhitti aur koshika jhilli milkar koshika varnan ka Nirman karte hain vibhinn prakar ke pyaj ko yadi sukshamdarshi ki sahayata se dekha jaaye to sabhi ki sanrachna ek saman hi pratit honge pyaj ke Aakar se Inka koi sambandh nahin hai yah छोटी-छोटी sanrachnaen hi pyaj ki mulbhut ikai hai jinhen koshika sel ki sankhya Di gai hamare aaspaas jitne bhi jivdhari dikhai dete Hain ve sabhi inhin koshikaon se milkar Bane Hain/

Vaigyanikon ne sukshamdarshi ki sahayata se koshika ka gahan adhyayan Kiya koshika ka itihaas sukshamdarshi se juda hua hai kyunki koshika ka adhyayan tatha uske sanrachna ka adhyayan kar pana sukshamdarshi ki sahayata se hi sambhav Ho Paya/

kosihika sidhant (cell theory)

German padap vaigyanik Salai Den tatha Theodore Shvan Namak vaigyanikon ne San 1838 1829 mein koshika ka adhyayan karke bataya ki koshika sajeevon ki rachnatmak AVN kriyatmak ikai hai nai koshika ki utpati pahle se maujud koshikaon se Hoti hai sabhi sajeevon ka sharir ek yane koshikaon se banaa hota hai/ pratyek koshika ka Nirman sajeev dharvi jeev se hua hai is Siddhant ke Pramukh Bindu nimnalikhit Hain---

• Pratyek jeev Dhari hai kya anek koshikaon se milkar banaa hai/
• Purani koshikaon ke vibhajan se nai ko shikay banti hai/
• Koshika jivo ki kriyatmak ikai hoti hai/
• Koshika jeev ke sharir ke aanuvanshikikai hoti hai

ek koshikiy tatha bahu koshikiy jeev ​​​​​​​ (unicellular and multicellular organisam)

Ek koshika jeev hai jeev hote hain jinmen Keval ek hi koshika sel Hoti hai adhiktar ek koshkiy jeev ko dekhne ke liye sukshamdarshi microscope ki avashyakta hoti hai halanki lagbhag ek darjan ek ho sake jeev aise bhi Hain jinhen sahitya aankhon se dekha ja sakta hai amiba, paramecium euglena tatha bacteria jaise jivo mein jeev sharir ek koshika ka banaa hota hai jeev ki sabhi jaivik kriyaen Keval ek koshika dwara hi sampann ki jaati hai aise jeev ek koshkiy jeev kahlate Hain/

ek Bahu koshkiy jeev koshikaon ka ek samuchay Matra nahin hai ismein koshika bhi nahin karya sampann karne ke liye vibhedit (differentiarted) Hoti hai yah jaivik karya sampuran karne ke liye adhik prabhavi roop se Daksh hote Hain/

Bahukoshiki jeev (multicellular organism) main Naam ke anurup inmein bahut se kay paye jaati hai yah koshikayen samahit hokar vibhinn karyon ko sambodhan karne ke liye vibhinn ko AVN angon ka Nirman Karti hai sabhi koshikayen apni purvarti koshikaon se hi utpann Hoti hai/ arthat koshika vibhajan koshikaon ka vishisht gun hai pratyek Bahu koshkiy jeev apni jivan Yatra ekmatra koshika se hi prarambh karta hai koshika mein barnbar vibhajan hone se Bahu koshkiy jeev viksit ho jata hai/ kavak (fungi) sabhi padap AVN jantu bahukoshikiy jivon ke udaharan Hain/

Bahukoshi ke jivan mein uttarjivita ke adhik avsar bhi hota hai unke koshikaon mein Paya jaane wala shram vibhajan (division off labour) unhen adhik Daksh banata hai/

Koshikaon ki aakrati tatha parimap (shape and size off cells)

Vriddhi aur vibhedan ke sath koshikao Kiya karte hue bhi nir prakar ki Ho jaati hai yadhyapi Ko shikay mukhya do prakar ki vah falak jismein Vyas ek saman hota hai aur lambi Hoti hai Bahu falak roop koshikaon ke aapas mein dabav se ban jaate Hain sadharantaen ko sikhayen kintu avashyakta anusar Wale upkaran hai jinka upyog atyant chhoti vastu ke prefection hetu Kiya jata hai udaharan koshika sukshamdarshi dwara ek koshika ke Aakar ko 300-1500 guna avdhik Kiya ja sakta hai/

Koshikaon ki aakruti tatha Aakar unke Vishesh karyon ke anurup hote hain kuchh koshikayen apna Aakar badalti rahti hai/ Jaise ek koshika amiba kuchh jivon mein koshika ka Aakar lagbhag sthir rahata hai/ aur pratyek prakar ki koshika ke liye vishisht hota hai udaharan ke liye-tantrika koshika/

Koshika parimap mein adhiktar suksham Hoti hai/  atah ya Keval sukshamdarshi dwara hi dikhai deti hai/ Inka Vyas adhiktar 0.5 20 um tak hota hai/

Jadon mein tantrika koshikayen to कभी-कभी 1-1.5 meter Tak lambi ho sakti hai shuturmurg (ostrich ) ka ek anda Jo ek koshika hi hai lagbhag 15 semi Vyas ka hota hai yah Sabse badi koshika sanrachna hai/

Koshika sankhya (number of cells)- ek koshkiy jeev Jaise amiba, paramesium, Yuglina ka sharir Keval ek koshika ka banaa hota hai jabki Bahu koshik ke jivan mein koshikaon ki sankhya karodon Tak ho sakti hai/

Koshika ka sanrachnatmak sangathan  (Structural organisation of cell)

Koshika ke vishisht Ghatak koshikang hote hain yadi koshika ka adhyayan sukshamdarshi dwara Kiya jata hai to ham dekhte hain ki koshika mein teen prakar ke gun paye jaate Hain--

• ​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​Plasma Delhi (plasma membrane)
• Kendrak​​​​​ (nucleus)​​​​
• Koshika dravya (cytoplas)

Yahi teen Ghatak koshika ke  karyatmak akshytar hai, jo koshika ke jivit avastha banae rakhne ke liye uttardai hai/

Plasma ya koshika jhilli (plasma aur Shahar membrane)

Plasma ya koshika jhilli koshika ki sabse Bhari parat hoti hai jo koshika ko bahar ke paryavaran se alag Karti hai yah Delhi kuchh prakar ke padarthon ke awagaman mein sahayak Hoti hai arthat kuchh padarthon ko andar ya bahar aane jaane deti hai plasma jhilli kuchh padarthon ki gati ko Mandir ya rokane ka karya bhi Karti hai jis Karan se varnatmak pargamya jhilli bhi kahte Hain/ 

Jilli ke karya (foundation of cell membrane) 

Koshika jhilli ke mukhya karya nimn hai-

• Yah vibhinn padarthon ke koshika mein awagaman ki prakriya ko niyantrit karti hai/
• Yah bahari tarah AVN thos padarthon ko Charon or se gher kar koshika mein rakhti hai Jahan Inka pachan hota hai yah koshika se utsarji padarthon ko bahar nikaalne ka bhi karya karti hai/

Koshika bhitti (cell wall)

Padap koshikaon mein plasmaliya koshika jhilli ke atirikt ek parat aur Hoti hai jise koshika bhitti kahate Hain aise log nahin Hoti hai aise log ek bahut jatil padarth hai jo paudhon ko sanrachnatmak dradhta pradan Karta hai koshika bhitti ka nibandh likhit bhag hote Hain/

• Madhya Patlika (needle lambla)-yah pack teen pack aur vah heated ka banaa star hai jo koshika bhittiyon Ko jodta hai/
• Raat mein koshika bhitti (primary  cell wall)-Madhya Patrika ke donon or cellulose ki patali chaukidar parat prarthiyon koshika bhitti hoti hai/
• Dwitiya koshika bhitti (secondary cell wall)-yah cellulose likhni ki Bani apeksha karte Moti tatha prathmik vyakti ki vitarit satah per sthir hoti hai/
• Tritiya koshika bhitti (tertiary cell wall)-yah sukhe parvaton plasma ka banaa star hai/

Inke atirikt koshika bhitti mein leni ki uten calcium selesak AVN Kai khanij padarth Jaise silika calcium oxlate bhi upsthit hote Hain/

Koshika bhitti mein jagah jagah paye jaane wale sukshm kshetron se ek koshika dusre koshika se Judi rahti hai ine kshetron ko jeev dravya tantu ko kahate Hain inke dwara koshikaon ke Madhya khad padarthon ka parinaam hota hai/