Blog by alisha ansari | Digital Diary

Na network layer the network layers concerned with getting package from the source on the wire to distillation getting to the destination may require making many house at intermediate roters along the way this function clearly conference with that the data link layer which has the more modest goal of just moving friends from on and of a wire to the another player is the lowest layer that deals with and to and transmission.. network layer design issue in the following section we will give an introduction to some of the issue that the designer of the network layer muscle with these issues include the service provided to the transport layer and the internal design of the network... store and forward packet switching before starting to explain the details of the network layer is is dress 10 in the constructs in visa network layer protocol operate the contact can be seen in the major components of the network are the equipment routers connected by transmission lines on inside the shade all and the customer equipments on outside the oval... service provided to the transport layer the network layer provides service to the transport layer at the network layer transport layer interface and important question is precisely that kind of service the network layer provide to the transport layer the service need to carefully designed with the following goals in mind the service should be independent of the rooted Technology..
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Error detection and correction communication channel have a ring of characteristics of channel like Optical Fibre in telecommunication network have TV error rates so that trains mission errors are a errors but other channel especially wireless link and having local low have error with that are order of magnitude larger for these link transmission are they cannot be avoid it at a reasonable expense in term of perform... definition both model matter in practice and any friends said of saving the error come in words has worth advantages and disadvantages have a isolated a single bit errors on the advantage side computer data are always send in blocks of BITS suppose that the block size was 1000 and the rate was 0.001 per bit if error where Independence most block would contain and error... error correcting quotes all of these course add required and see two information that is send a frame consist of database and Re donate BITS in a block code the checkbits are computer slowly as a function of the database with which they are associated as thought the bits where looked up in a large table to find their corresponding check bits... error detecting course error correcting quotes are widely used on wireless links which are notoriously and error phone when compared to Optical Fibre without air correcting code it would be to get anything thought however our fibre or high quality copper The Other rate in much lower so error detection and returns mission is usually more efficient there for dealing with the okrational error...
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The data link layer

in the will study the design principle for the second layer in our model the data link layer this study deals with hello gridham for achieving reliable efficient communication of all units of information called frames rather than individual bits as in the physical layer between two adjust machine by adjust we mean that that you machine are connected by a communication channel that eggs conceptually like a wire cable telephone line or wireless channel...

data link layer design

issue the data link layer uses the services of the physical layer to send the receipts our communication channel it has a number of function including providing a well defined service interface to the network layer dealing with transmission errors and regulating the flow of data so that slow receiver are not somebody by fast sender...

service provided

the network layer the function of the data link layer is the provides service to network layer the principle service is transferring data from the network layer on the source machine to the network lay on the destination machine on the source machine is an entity call it a process in the network layer that handsome bits to the data link layer for transmission to the destination the job of the data link layer is to transmit The Beat to the destination machines so they can be handed our to the network layer

Cable television

we have now studying both the face and well as telephone system in a fair amount of detail What will clearly play a major role in future network but there is another measure player that has emerged over the past decide for internet access cable television network many people nowadays that their telephone and internet service our cable in the following section we will look at cable television as a network in more detail and contrast in with the telephone system we have just study....

what is the community and television cable

television was considered in the late 1940 as a way to provide better reception to people living in ruler or mountainous areas the system initially consisted of a big antina on top of a hill to plug as television signal out of the year and emplifier called the head and to strain...

Internet our cable

our the course of the years the cable system grow and the cable between the various cities where replaced by high burn with fibre similar to what happened in the telephone system a system with fibre for the long and coxial the telephone system with fibre to know how I foxial cable to the house is called and hybrid fibre cork system...

Mobile telephone system

the traditional telephone system even if the someday gets multi G debit and to and fibre will settle not be able to satisfy a growing group of user people on the go people now expect to make phone calls and to use their phones to check email and search the web from cars swimming pool and will jogging in the park currently there is a man doll amount of interest in wireless telephone..

. first generation mobile phone

enough about the politics and marketing aspect of mobile phone now let us look at the technology starting with the early system mobile radio telephone where use sportically for Maritime and military communication during the early decides of the 2020 in 1946 the first system for car based telephone was that up in Louis this system used is single large transmitter on top phone was set up in Louis....

advanced mobile phone system

all that changed with amps advanced mobile phone system invented by walk and first installed in the United States in 18 1982 it was also used in England where it was called and in Japan where it was mcs was formally retired in 2008 but we will look at in understand the contact for the 2G and 3G system that improve on it in all mobile on systems Geography into self which is why the device sometimes call phone...

Communication satellite

in the 1950 and early 1960 people 3rd to set up communication system unfortunately the receives single where to be to be on any practical use then the US never noticed a kind of permanent whether Balloon in the sky the moon and will and operational system for ship to sure communication by bouncing single of it further progress in the celestial communication field had to wait until the first communication satellite was launched...

geostationary satellite

in 1945 the science function weather clerk calculated that a satellite and at Institute of 35000 in a circular equational orbit appear to remain Monalisa in the sky of it would not need to be cracked clear 1945 we want on the describe a complete communication system that use this jio stationary satellite including the orbit solar panels radio frequence and launch producer and fortunately he consulted that satellite where in practical due to the impossibility...

. medium Arth Orbit satellite

image lover altitude between the two and Alan Bells we find the medium Earth orbit satellite as viewed from the Earth these derived slowly in longi dude taking sometimes like 6 hours to circle the earth accordingly they must be trapped as the move throw the sky because the lower than the transmitter to reach them...

Public switch Telephone Network

who to computer Aman by the same company organization and located close to each other need to communication it is often just to run a cable between them work this way however when the distance are large or there are many computer or the capable have to pass through a public road or other public right of Veda coast of running private cable are usually prohibited...

structure of the telephone system

soon after Alexander Graham Bell planted the telephone in 1876 just a few horse I head of his real Elsa Grave there was the aluminium demand for his new invention the initial market was for the seal of telephone which came in pairs it was up to the customer to single wire between them if a telephone it was up to the customer to string a single wire between them..

the politics of telephone

for decided prior 2984 the bell system provided both local and long distance service throughout most of the United state in the 1970 the US Federal Government come to believe that his was and legally Monopoly and sold to break it up the government won and on January 1st 1984 was broken up to into long line Bell operating companies and if you other pieces...

The legal status of the world telephone companies various considerably from country to country at one extreme is the United status which has our 200 separate mostly very small privately on telephone companies if you more where added with the breakup of 80 and T in 1984 which was then the world largest Corporation providing telephone service to about 80% of America's telephone and telecommunication act of 1996 that our holiday regulation to poster competition... definition with all these different supplier of service there is clearly in need to provide compatibility on a worldwide scale to ensure that people and computer in one country can call their control part in another one actually this need has excited for a long time.. who in the International standard world International standard are produced and published by ISO International standard organisation a voluntary non Treaty organisation founded in 1946 its member are the national standard organisation of the 157 member countries these member include I and sibsi 153 other... who in the internet in standard world the world while internet has it a one is standardization mechanism very different from those of ITU t n i s o the different can be crudely some by seeing that the people who come to it you or ISO standardisation meeting where suits will the people who come to internet standardisation meeting where jeans except when the meet inside and t-shirt..
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Example network the subject of computer networking cover many different kind of network large and small volcano and less welcano they have different goal skills and Technology in the following section we will look at some example to get an idea of the variety on finds in the area of computer networking we will start with the internet and look at history evolution and Technology... the internet is not really Network at all but it was collection of different network that you certain common protocols and provide certain common service it is an unusual system in that it was not planned by anyone and it not controlled by anyone to better understand it let us start from the beginning and see how it has developed anyway.... the arpanet the story beams in the late 1950 at the height of the Cold War the US DOD wanted a command and control network that could servia were at the time all military communication use the public Telephone Network which was considered when you label the reason for this believe can be cleaned from here the black dots represent telephone... ncf net by the late 1970 ncf the US National Science Foundation the was having own University research allowing Science tricks across the country to share data and collaborate on research project however to get on the university had to have a research contract with theDoD...
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Bluetooth

Bluetooth in 1994 the LM edition company became interested in connecting its mobile phones to other devices laptop without cable together with for other companies in the Nokia and Toshiba IT form is signal special inter group in 1998 to develop a wireless standard for inter connecting computer and communication device and accessories using short range low power intensive Wireless radio....

bluetooth architecture

let us start i wanna study of the bluetooth system with a quick overview of art it comes down and watch it is intended to do the bases unit of a bluetooth system is every corner to which consist of a master moor end of 27 at least live no within a distance of them either multiple speaking again existing the same large room and general because i still via a bridge....

bluetooth application

of network protocol just throw i general between communicating in entities and let application businesses about what day want to them for example i20 2.11 does not specify weather duration you get there another wolf computer for yearly emails as in the web all smoking as in contrast the youtube season is baby week purple application to be supported and flo rida station brother coolest app for each one...

 Bluetooth protocol

stack the Bluetooth standard has many protocol group losely into the layer show in the first observation to math is that the structure does not follow the OSI model the TCP model the 802 model or any other model the bottom layer is a physical radio layer with codes will to the physical layer in the OSI and 802 model it deals with radio transmission and modulation...